Sexual Victimization of Men: What the Research Says Annotated Bibliography This annotated bibliography provides descriptions of recent research related to sexual victimization of men. It provides an overview of sexual assault, harassment, and abuse experienced by diverse populations of men in a variety of settings. These publications can assist advocates, medical professionals, law enforcement officials, and other service providers in identifying men who may be vulnerable to sexual violence and addressing gaps in services for survivors. Research is limited on men who have survived sexual violence. There are gaps in the research on men of color (especially those who are Asian American, Pacific Islander, and Native American/Alaska Native) and transgender men. More research is needed to fill these gaps. I. General French, B. H., Tilghman, J. D., & Malebranche, D. A. (2015). Sexual coercion context and psychosocial correlates among diverse males. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035915 This study explored the prevalence of sexual coercion experiences among adolescent boys and young adult men. Out of a sample of 284 adolescent and young adult males (ages 14-26), 43% of respondents reported experiencing a form of sexual coercion, most commonly verbal pressure and unwanted behaviors. Most reported perpetrators of sexual coercion were female. The study highlights the frequency of sexual coercion victimization among young men and the need for tailored prevention and intervention resources. Ioannou, M., Hammond, L., & Machin, L. (2017). Male-on-male sexual assault: Victim, offender and offence characteristics. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 14(2), 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.1483 This article reviews 15 studies about male-on-male sexual assault published between 1980 and 2014, drawing data from a total of 5,112 sexual assault cases. The review finds that, according to studies that documented victim and offender demographics, the majority of both victims and offenders of male-on-male sexual violence are Caucasian and heterosexual. Studies that included information on the victim-offender relationship revealed that approximately two-thirds of cases involved offenders and victims who knew each other. Physical violence, verbal threats, and weapon use were common. The authors highlight the need for more in-depth research on male-on-male sexual violence, especially research involving representative, population-based samples and research on people who offend. Peterson, Z. D., Beagley, M. C., McCallum, E. B., & Artime, T. M. (2019). Sexual attitudes and behaviors among men who are victims, perpetrators, or both victims and perpetrators of adult sexual assault. Psychology of Violence, 9(2), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000187 This study explored the relationship between childhood sexual victimization, sexual victimization in adulthood, and sexual assault perpetration in men. Out of a sample of 268 adult men (76.5% white, 85.8% heterosexual), 16.8% of respondents indicated that they had experienced sexual assault in adulthood, 31.7% indicated that they experienced childhood sexual abuse before age 14, and 16.8% indicated that they had perpetrated adult sexual assault at least once. Victims of adult sexual assault (ASA) were more likely to be perpetrators than respondents who did not experience sexual victimization in adulthood (48.9% versus 10.3%). Men who were both victims and perpetrators of ASA were more likely to report experiencing childhood sexual abuse than men who were only victims, only perpetrators, or neither victims nor perpetrators. Stop Street Harassment. (2018). The facts behind the #metoo movement: A national study on sexual harassment and assault. Stop Street Harassment. http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Full-Report-2018-National- Study-on-Sexual-Harassment-and-Assault.pdf This nationally representative study explored the nature and prevalence of sexual harassment and sexual assault among diverse groups in the U.S. An online survey of 2,009 adults (996 women and 1,013 men) revealed that most women (81%) and a significant portion of men (43%) had experienced sexual harassment or sexual assault. The report details rates of verbal sexual harassment, physically aggressive sexual harassment, cyber harassment, and sexual assault among both men and women. Men in marginalized groups (such as Hispanic men, men with disabilities, men living below the poverty level, men in rural areas, and gay and bisexual men) were more likely to report experiencing sexual harassment than other men. Kearl, H., Johns, N. E., & Raj, A. (2019). Measuring #MeToo: A national study on sexual harassment and assault. Stop Street Harassment. http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/wp- content/uploads/2012/08/2019-MeToo-National-Sexual-Harassment-and-Assault-Report.pdf This follow-up to the 2018 national survey gauged experiences of sexual harassment among a nationally representative sample of 2,219 adults (1,182 women and 1,037 men). Victimization was a common experience among respondents, with 81% of women and 43% of men reporting that they experienced some form of sexual harassment or sexual assault during their lives. These rates are the same as those in the 2018 study. For both men and women, sexual harassment often took place in public locations, and the most frequent perpetrator was a stranger. Being subject to slurs that were homophobic or transphobic was the only type of harassment that men experienced more frequently than women. II. Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse Lindberg, L. D., Maddow-Zimet, I., & Marcell, A. V. (2019). Prevalence of sexual initiation before age 13 years among male adolescents and young adults in the United States. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(6), 553–560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0458 Using data from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) and the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), this study sought to measure the prevalence of sexual intercourse before age 13 among adolescent boys. Among respondents ages 18-24 who experienced their first sexual intercourse before age 13, approximately half (54.6%) described the experience as wanted, 8.5% as unwanted, and 37% had mixed feelings about the experience. The article concludes that sex education and sexual/reproductive health care must be timed in such a way as to reach boys at young ages, and that helping parents, schools, and communities support boys' healthy sexual development must be a priority. Ports, K. A., Lee, R. D., Raiford, J., Spikes, P., Manago, C., & Wheeler, D. P. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences and health and wellness outcomes among black men who have sex with men. Journal of Urban Health, 94(3), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-017-0146-1 This study probes the correlation between adverse childhood experiences and self-reported mental and physical health among African American men who have sex with men (MSM). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were widely reported in a sample of 536 African American MSM, with almost 90% of respondents indicating that they experienced at least one ACE. More than a third (36.3%) of respondents reported experiencing childhood sexual abuse. Higher ACE scores predicted poor self-reported mental health, but only childhood physical neglect and household substance abuse predicted self-reported poor physical health. The relationship between ACEs and HIV status was not significant. The authors argue that adult health interventions should incorporate trauma-informed approaches in light of the relationship between ACEs and negative health outcomes. Scheidell, J. D., Kumar, P. C., Campion, T., Quinn, K., Beharie, N., McGorray, S. P., & Khan, M. R. (2017). Child sexual abuse and HIV-related substance use and sexual risk across the life course among males and females. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(5), 519–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2017.1319004 This study draws data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to explore the relationship between child sexual abuse, substance use, and high-risk sexual behaviors among men and women. Out of a sample of 11,820 subjects (5,328 men and 6,492 women) surveyed throughout adolescence and adulthood, 9.8% of women and 6.7% of men reported experiencing childhood sexual abuse. Victims of sexual abuse were more likely than non-victims to report using cocaine and methamphetamine. Men with histories of sexual abuse were more likely to report sex with multiple partners, and victims of both sexes were more likely to report sex trade involvement. Topitzes, J., Pate, D. J., Berman, N. D., & Medina-Kirchner, C. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences, health, and employment: A study of men seeking job services. Child Abuse & Neglect, 61, 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.09.012 This study looked at the connection between adverse childhood experiences, health, and barriers to employment among low-income men. Out of a sample of 199 mostly African American adolescents and adult men (ages 16-63), significant percentages of respondents reported experiencing childhood abuse, neglect, and/or household dysfunction. Childhood sexual abuse was common, with 21.6% of respondents indicating that they had experienced sexual abuse. Greater numbers of adverse childhood experiences were correlated with low general health, tobacco use, drug abuse, depression, anxiety, and employment problems. The authors conclude that early trauma and toxic stress contribute to joblessness among African American men. Voith, L. A., Anderson, R. E., & Cahill, S. P. (2020). Extending the ACEs framework: Examining the relations between childhood abuse and later victimization and perpetration with college men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(17-18), 3487-3512. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517708406 This study of 423 mostly white undergraduate men examined the correlation between childhood victimization, victimization during adulthood, and perpetration of violence during adulthood. Men who reported experiencing childhood physical and sexual abuse were more likely to indicate that they experienced adult sexual victimization. Men who indicated they experienced childhood sexual abuse were also more likely to report perpetrating physical and sexual violence against intimate partners in adulthood. The authors argue that because college men are at risk for both victimization and perpetration, prevention programs should address male victimization. Williams, J. K., Wilton, L., Magnus, M., Wang, L., Wang, J., Dyer, T. P., Koblin, B. A., Hucks-Ortiz, C., Fields, S. D., Shoptaw, S., Stephenson, R., O’Cleirigh, C., Cummings, V., & HIV Prevention Trials Network 061 Study Team. (2015). Relation of childhood sexual abuse, intimate partner violence, and depression to risk factors for HIV among black men who have sex with men in 6 U.S. cities. American Journal of Public Health, 105(12), 2473–2481. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302878 This study probed the relationship between HIV risk behaviors, childhood sexual abuse, and intimate partner violence among African American men who have sex with men (MSM). A survey of 1,522 African American MSM from six cities found that 58.7% of respondents had sexual contact before age 12 with someone five or more years older, 30% had unwanted sex between ages 12-16, and 22.3% had been pressured or forced into sex by an intimate partner. Childhood sexual victimization was correlated with HIV risk behaviors such as condomless anal intercourse and sex with multiple partners. The authors note that the relationship between victimization and high-risk sexual behaviors should be considered within HIV prevention programs for African American MSM. III. Alcohol and Drugs Snipes, D. J., Green, B. A., Benotsch, E. G., & Perrin, P. B. (2014). The non-medical use of prescription drugs and lifetime experiences of sexual victimization among college men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(13), 2482–2496. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513520229 This study examined the relationship between sexual victimization, prescription drug abuse, and illicit drug use among college men. Out of a sample of 253 undergraduate men, 23.3% reported experiencing unwanted sexual contact, 22.5% reported experiencing attempted sexual victimization, and 17% reported experiencing completed sexual victimization. Men who experienced sexual victimization were more likely to report lifetime non-medical use of prescription sedatives and various illicit drugs. Snipes, D. J., Green, B. A., Javier, S. J., Perrin, P. B., & Benotsch, E. G. (2014). The use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks and experiences of sexual victimization among male and female college students. Addictive Behaviors, 39(1), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.005 This study sought data on the prevalence of sexual victimization and its relationship to the consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks among college men and women. Out of a sample of 798 undergraduate students (253 men and 545 women), 17% of men and 31.2% of women indicated that they experienced sexual victimization in their lifetime. Higher consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks was correlated with lifetime sexual victimization among men but not women. IV. Disabilities Basile, K. C., Breiding, M. J., & Smith, S. G. (2016). Disability and risk of recent sexual violence in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 106(5), 928–933. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303004 This study uses data from the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a nationally representative telephone survey of U.S. adults on intimate partner and sexual violence victimization of both men and women. About 20% of men reported a disability for more than one year; of those, almost half (45.9%) of men were 55 years old or older. This study found that people with a disability were at increased risk for sexual violence when compared to those without a disability. Men with a disability were at an increased risk for experiencing sexual violence other than rape compared with men without a disability. Specifically, men with a disability were at an increased risk for being made to penetrate a perpetrator, experiencing sexual coercion, and having noncontact unwanted sexual experiences. Mitra, M., Mouradian, V. E., Fox, M. H., & Pratt, C. (2015). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence against men with disabilities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(3), 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.07.030 This study examines the prevalence of sexual violence among men and women with physical or mental disabilities, using data from the 2005-2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The study found that men with disabilities were slightly more likely than men without disabilities to report experiencing lifetime sexual violence (8.8% versus 6%). The authors observe that disability status should be included as a demographic factor in future sexual violence research, and that health care providers should screen both men and women with disabilities for sexual victimization. Platt, L., Powers, L., Leotti, S., Hughes, R. B., Robinson-Whelen, S., Osburg, S., Ashkenazy, E., Beers, L., Lund, E. M., Nicolaidis, C., & the Partnering with People with Disabilities to Address Violence Consortium. (2017). The role of gender in violence experienced by adults with developmental disabilities. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(1), 101–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515585534 This study sought data on the nature and prevalence of childhood and adulthood abuse against persons with developmental disabilities. Out of a sample of 350 adults with developmental disabilities, substantial percentages of respondents reported experiencing medical, emotional, physical, or sexual abuse during childhood, with 31.5% of men and 37.4% of women reporting some form of childhood sexual abuse. Additionally, substantial percentages of respondents reported experiencing medical, financial, emotional, physical, or sexual abuse during adulthood, with 14.9% of men and 33.7% of women reporting adult sexual victimization. Family members, spouses/romantic partners, and acquaintances were among the most frequently reported by survivors to have perpetrated abuse. The authors acknowledge the lack of victim services for men with disabilities and the importance of abuse screening in health care settings for people with developmental disabilities. V. Armed Conflict Kapur, A., & Muddell, K. (2016). When no one calls it rape: Addressing sexual violence against men and boys in transitional contexts. International Center for Transitional Justice. https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ_Report_SexualViolenceMen_2016.pdf This report observes that countries have been inconsistent in their responses to sexual violence against men and boys in armed conflict. Lack of awareness of male victims and under-reporting of sexual violence against males contributes to the problem. The report argues that transitional justice bodies — including truth commissions, reparation programs, and courts — must develop greater awareness of and more robust responses to wartime sexual violence against male victims. Misra, A. (2015). The landscape of silence: Sexual violence against men in war. Oxford University Press. This book discusses the history of sexual violence against men and boys in armed conflict and explores the sexual and gender dynamics that frame male-on-male predation during war. Misra describes the psychosocial impact of sexual violence on male victims, perpetrator and society attitudes toward victims, and legal issues surrounding sexual violence in armed conflict. VI. Campus Allen, C. T., Ridgeway, R., & Swan, S. C. (2015). College students' beliefs regarding help seeking for male and female sexual assault survivors: Even less support for male survivors. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24(1), 102–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.982237 This study drew responses from 475 undergraduate students regarding perceived barriers to reporting and help-seeking among both male and female sexual assault victims. Respondents believed that male survivors faced more barriers than female victims to reporting and help-seeking on campus, and that campus victim resources were more helpful for female victims than male victims. The authors argue that institutions of higher education must provide supportive environments and approachable services for male victims. Budd, K. M., Rocque, M., & Bierie, D. M. (2017). Deconstructing incidents of campus sexual assault: Comparing male and female victimizations. Sexual Abuse, 31(3), 296–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063217706708 This study seeks to address gaps in the research literature on campus sexual assaults involving male victims. An analysis of 5,476 campus sexual assaults drawn from the National Incident-Based Reporting System found that 6% of cases involved male victims. Approximately half of the people who perpetrated against men were acquaintances of the victim, and more than half of cases with male victims involved a weapon. Forcible fondling (64%) and forcible sodomy (25%) were the most common types of campus sexual assault perpetrated against male victims. The authors remind policy-makers that men can be victims of campus sexual assault and encourage them to plan prevention and response strategies accordingly. VII. Military Brignone, E., Gundlapalli, A. V., Blais, R. K., Carter, M. E., Suo, Y., Samore, M. H., Kimerling, R., & Fargo, J. D. (2016). Differential risk for homelessness among U.S. male and female veterans with a positive screen for military sexual trauma. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(6), 582–589. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0101 This study explored the connection between military sexual trauma and homelessness among U.S. veterans. Out of a sample of mostly male veterans who had used Veterans Health Administration services between FY 2004 and 2013, 3.3% screened positive for military sexual trauma at the study's five-year follow-up. Both men and women who screened positive for military sexual trauma were more likely than those who screened negative to be homeless at the 30-day, one-year, and five-year follow-ups. The authors highlight the importance of trauma-informed care and interventions for victims of military sexual trauma. Gurung, S., Ventuneac, A., Rendina, H. J., Savarese, E., Grov, C., & Parsons, J. T. (2018). Prevalence of military sexual trauma and sexual orientation discrimination among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender military personnel: A descriptive study. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 15(1), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-017-0311-z This study drew data from 253 U.S. service members (89 women and 164 men) who identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual. The study found that significant percentages of both men and women experienced gender harassment, sexual harassment, and sexual coercion, with 83% of lesbian and bisexual women and 74% of gay and bisexual men reporting at least one incident of military sexual trauma. The authors suggest that future research on anti-LGBT discrimination and military sexual trauma should devote attention to all service members regardless of gender. Mondragon, S. A., Wang, D., Pritchett, L., Graham, D. P., Plasencia, M. L., & Teng, E. J. (2015). The influence of military sexual trauma on returning OEF/OIF male veterans. Psychological Services, 12(4), 402–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000050 Out of a sample of 961 male veterans who completed at least one tour of active duty in Iraq or Afghanistan, 173 respondents (18%) reported experiencing military sexual trauma, ranging from sexual harassment to sexual coercion and assault. Victims of military sexual trauma were more likely than non-victims to have mood disorder diagnoses (41.4% versus 33.5%) and other anxiety diagnoses (24.1% versus 18.7%). Military sexual trauma was a significant predictor of lower social support. The authors note that therapy for male victims of military sexual trauma may produce beneficial outcomes, and that additional research on male military sexual trauma is needed. VIII. Incarceration Ratkalkar, M., & Atkin-Plunk, C. A. (2020). Can I ask for help? The relationship among incarcerated males' sexual orientation, sexual abuse history, and perceptions of rape in prison. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(19-20), 4117–4140. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517714440 This study gauged beliefs about the threat of prison rape and need for mental health services among incarcerated men. Out of a sample of 409 adult male inmates incarcerated in 23 maximum-security prisons, 21.3% believe that "rape is a big threat in prison." Gay and bisexual respondents, and respondents who experienced sexual victimization during childhood, were more likely to believe that rape was a threat. Gay and bisexual respondents, respondents who experienced childhood sexual abuse, and African American inmates were significantly more likely to request mental health treatment while incarcerated. The authors conclude that sexual orientation and a history of childhood sexual abuse are significant predictors of the perception that rape is a threat and requests for mental health treatment in prison. Rowell-Cunsolo, T. L., Harrison, R. J., & Haile, R. (2014). Exposure to prison sexual assault among incarcerated Black men. Journal of African American Studies, 18(1), 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-013-9253-6 This study sought data on the prevalence of sexual assault exposure (but not sexual victimization) among African American men in prison. Out of a sample of 143 African American men incarcerated in a maximum-security correctional facility, 43% indicated that they had heard at least one of their fellow inmates being sexually assaulted, and 16% indicated that they had witnessed a sexual assault while incarcerated. Exposure to sexual assault was not significantly correlated with demographic characteristics such as age, education, or offense committed. IX. Men of Color Levine, E. C., Martinez, O., Mattera, B., Wu, E., Arreola, S., Rutledge, S. E., Newman, B., Icard, L., Muρoz-Laboy, M., Hausmann-Stabile, C., Welles, S., Rhodes, S. D., Dodge, B. M., Alfonso, S., Fernandez, M. I., & Carballo-Diιguez, A. (2017). Child sexual abuse and adult mental health, sexual risk behaviors, and drinking patterns among Latino men who have sex with men. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(3), 237-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2017.1343885 This study delved into the relationship between childhood sexual abuse, depression, alcohol use, and sexual behaviors among Latino men who have sex with men (MSM). Out of a sample of 176 Latino MSM from New York City, more than one fifth (22.16%) indicated that they had experienced childhood sexual abuse. Victims of childhood sexual abuse were more likely to report heavy drinking, clinically significant depression symptoms, and a greater frequency of high-risk sexual behaviors (i.e., sex with more partners, condomless anal intercourse). The authors stress the importance of culturally appropriate programming related to mental health, substance abuse, and sexual risk behaviors for MSM with sexual abuse histories. Rosay, A. B. (2016). Violence against American Indian and Alaska Native women and men: 2010 findings from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NCJ 249736). National Criminal Justice Reference Service. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/249736.pdf Drawing data from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS), this report charts the prevalence of intimate partner violence, intimate partner psychological aggression, sexual violence, and stalking victimization among Native Americans and Alaska Natives. Out of 2,473 women and 1,505 men who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native, over half of female respondents (56.1%) and a quarter of male respondents (27.5%) indicated that they had experienced sexual violence in their lifetime. Moreover, 14.4% of women and 9.9% of men indicated that they experienced sexual violence during the previous year. Native American and Alaskan Native respondents were significantly more likely than their non-Hispanic white counterparts to have experienced violent victimization and to have encountered barriers to services, highlighting the need for more victim services for this population. Tran, A., Lin, L., Nehl, E. J., Talley, C. L., Dunkle, K. L., & Wong, F. Y. (2014). Prevalence of substance use and intimate partner violence in a sample of A/PI MSM. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(11), 2054–2067. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513516006 This study explored the prevalence of physical, psychological, and sexual intimate partner violence among Asian American and Pacific Islander men who have sex with men (A/PI MSM). Out of 412 A/PI MSM, 29.1% indicated that they had experienced intimate partner violence from a same-gender partner at some point in the past five years. With regard to sexual victimization, 11.9% of respondents reported being forced to have sex by a same-sex partner. Victims of intimate partner violence were more likely than non-victims to report substance use in the previous twelve months. These findings highlight the need for culturally sensitive services for MSM who experience intimate partner violence. Walsh, K., Koenen, K. C., Aiello, A. E., Uddin, M., & Galea, S. (2014). Prevalence of sexual violence and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban African-American population. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 16(6), 1307–1310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-013-9840-6 This article used data from the 2008-2009 Detroit Neighborhood Health Study to explore the relationship between sexual victimization and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among African American adults. Out of a sample of 1,306 African Americans residing in Detroit (761 women and 545 men), 26.3% of women and 5.1% of men indicated that they had experienced sexual assault or rape at some point in their lives. Victims of sexual violence were four times more likely to exhibit PTSD than non-victims. X. Gay, Bisexual, and Queer Men Duncan, D. T., Goedel, W. C., Stults, C. B., Brady, W. J., Brooks, F. A. Blakely, J. S., & Hagen, D. (2017). A study of intimate partner violence, substance abuse, and sexual risk behaviors among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in a sample of geosocial-networking smartphone application users. American Journal of Men's Health, 12(2), 292–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988316631964 This study explores the connection between intimate partner violence, substance use, and high-risk sexual behaviors among gay men, bisexual men, and other men who have sex with men who use geosocial- networking smartphone applications. A total of 175 adult male respondents were recruited for a study by means of broadcast advertisements on Grindr. Over a third (37.7%) of respondents reported experiencing some form of intimate partner violence during their lives, with 11.4% indicating that they had experienced intimate partner sexual victimization. Intimate partner violence victimization was correlated with a higher number of sexual partners and a higher number of partners with whom condoms were not used, as well as a slightly greater likelihood of engaging in illicit drug use. Pantalone, D. W., Horvath, K. J., Hart, T. A., Valentine, S. E., & Kaysen, D. L. (2015). Traumatic revictimization of men who have sex with men living with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(9), 1459–1477. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514540802 This study examined revictimization experiences among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in Seattle, Washington. Out of a sample of 166 HIV-positive MSM receiving services at HIV health care clinics, substantial percentages of respondents reported experiencing childhood abuse, adult abuse, and intimate partner violence during the past year. Specific to sexual victimization, 70.8% reported experiencing childhood sexual abuse, 52.6% reported experiencing adult sexual abuse, and 18.7% reported experiencing intimate partner sexual abuse during the past year. Survivors of childhood physical, psychological, and sexual abuse were more likely to report experiencing physical, psychological, and sexual abuse in adulthood. Wegner, R., & Davis, K. C. (2020). How men's sexual assault victimization experiences differ based on their sexual history. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(13-14), 2624-2633. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517703374 This study compared sexual victimization experienced between men who have sex with women (MSW) and men who have sex with both women and men (MSW/M). Out of a sample of 311 young men (ages 21-30), 82.7% indicated that they had sex exclusively with women, and 17.3% indicated that they had sex with both women and men. Two-fifths of respondents (43.4%) reported experiencing sexual assault since age 14. MSW/M were more likely than MSW to report that they had experienced sexual victimization (64.8% versus 38.9%). MSW/M were more likely than MSW to indicate that they experienced forcible rape, that they had been victimized by men only, or that they had been victimized by both men and women. The authors emphasize the importance of sexual assault prevention programming that teaches the importance of consent to both men and women, as well as the need for sexual assault services that are sensitive to the needs of MSW/M. XI. Transgender Men Peitzmeier, S. M., Hughto, J. M., Potter, J., Deutsch, M. D., & Reisner, S. L. (2019). Development of a novel tool to assess intimate partner violence against transgender individuals. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(11), 2376–2397. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519827660 This study on intimate partner violence drew data from 150 female-to-male transmasculine adults who enrolled in a clinical trial testing a self-administered cervical cancer screening. Over one-third of respondents (38.9%) indicated that they had experienced intimate partner violence at some point in their lives, and 10.1% at some point in the past year. Over half (51%) indicated that they had experienced sexual violence at the hands of an intimate partner. Commonly reported forms of intimate partner violence included coercive control over the respondents' gender presentation or transition, and comments framing transgender persons as undesirable partners. The authors argue that because intimate partner violence is prevalent among transmasculine individuals, it should be measured in research and clinical practice with transgender persons. This project was supported by Grant No. 2016-TA-AX-K035 awarded by the Office on Violence Against Women, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this publication/program/exhibition are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women.