Assisting trafficking victims Assisting trafficking victims Annotated bibliography The following documents discuss the relationship between sexual violence and human trafficking, including, but not limited to, sex trafficking. This annotated bibliography features articles and reports on the impact of trafficking-related violence on victims’ health, the role of armed conflict and military presence in trafficking, and minors as a special population of trafficking victims. GENERAL Dickson, S. (2004). When women are trafficked: Quantifying the gendered experience of trafficking in the UK. London, England: The POPPY Project. Retrieved from http://lastradainternational.org/ lsidocs/poppy_04_when_women_ tra_0109.pdf The U.K.-based POPPY Project surveyed 26 female trafficking victims from Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia. Respondents were questioned about victimization before and after being trafficked, means of recruitment into trafficking, and health problems resulting from trafficking. A significant percentage of respondents reported histories of physical and/or sexual violence before and after their trafficking experiences, as well as resulting physical and psychological health problems. Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2004). Domestic & sexual violence advocate handbook on human trafficking: Collaborating to end modern-day slavery (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://www. fcadv.org/sites/default/files/ Human%20Trafficking%20 Handbook%20for%20 advocates%20English.pdf This handbook is intended to introduce human trafficking to domestic violence and sexual assault advocates. The handbook defines trafficking, offers legal remedies for trafficking victims, and discusses the relationship between sexual violence and trafficking. Hodge, D. R., & Lietz, C. A. (2007). The international sexual trafficking of women and children: A review of the literature. Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work, 22, 163-174. doi:10.1177/0886109907299055 This article reviews the body of literature on sex trafficking of women and minors. Hodge and Lietz discuss the globalization of sex trafficking, the social and economic factors contributing to sex trafficking (including criminal networks), victim recruitment, and sexual violence against trafficking victims. The article provides a multi-tiered, ecological strategy intended to prevent and respond to sex trafficking. Hughes, D. M. (2005). The demand for victims of sex trafficking. Retrieved from the University of Rhode Island: http://www.uri.edu/artsci/ wms/hughes/demand_for_victims.pdf Hughes examines the close relationship between prostitution and trafficking of women and minors, emphasizing the role of customer demand in fueling both crimes. This report focuses on the role of exploiters (i.e., pimps, madams) in trafficking and exploiting women and minors, as well as the role of the state in fostering or suppressing trafficking. Raphael, J., & Ashley, J. (2008). Domestic sex trafficking of Chicago women and girls. Retrieved from Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/ public/pdf/ResearchReports/Sex%20Trafficking% 20Report%20May%202008.pdf This report draws upon a 2007 study of 100 girls and women involved in the sex trade in Chicago, Illinois. Raphael and Ashley explore the relationship between trafficking, prostitution, debt bondage, and violence against girls and women by pimps. The authors discuss common themes in the experiences of trafficked and exploited girls and women, including recruitment/coercion into prostitution, economic abuse by pimps, physical violence, and sexual violence. The report argues that trafficked and exploited girls and women should not be regarded as prostitutes, but as domestic violence victims in need of assistance. Raymond, J. G., & Hughes, D. M. (2001). Sex trafficking of women in the United States: International and domestic trends. Retrieved from the University of Rhode Island: http:// www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/sex_traff_ us.pdf Raymond and Hughes interviewed 128 sex trafficking victims to understand the scope of international and domestic sex trafficking of women in the U.S. This study explores multiple dimensions of sex trafficking, including victim backgrounds, characteristics of recruiters and traffickers, methods of victim initiation and control (including but not limited to physical and sexual violence), and characteristics of men who purchase sex. This article also discusses the negative psychological, physical, and sexual health impacts of sex trafficking and prostitution. Raymond and Hughes conclude with recommendations for community and law enforcement responses to sex trafficking. Schauer, E. J., & Wheaton, E. M. (2006). Sex trafficking into the United States: A literature review. Criminal Justice Review, 31, 146-169. doi:10.1177/0734016806290136 Schauer and Wheaton review the current research literature on trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation into the U.S. This article reviews the current body of research on sex trafficking into the U.S., highlighting gaps in research and commonly observed factors related to sex trafficking. Shared Hope International. (2007). Demand.: A comparative examination of sex tourism and trafficking in Jamaica, Japan, the Netherlands, and the United States. Retrieved from http:// www.sharedhope.org/Portals/0/Documents/ DEMAND.pdf Shared Hope International (SHI) observes common features in global sex trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation, using sex trafficking in Japan, Jamaica, the Netherlands, and the U.S. as case studies. This report discusses the physical violence, sexual violence, and coercion inherent to sex trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation, and offers country-specific recommendations for addressing these problems. U.S. Department of State. (2009). Trafficking in Persons Report: June 2009. Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2009 This State Department report discusses major forms of trafficking in persons across the globe as well as foreign governments’ efforts to eliminate human trafficking. The report ranks countries according to a tier system, measuring how closely foreign governments comply with the standards of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA). HEALTH Cole, H. (2009). Human trafficking: Implications for the role of the advanced practice forensic nurse. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 14, 462-470. doi:10.1177/1078390308325763 This article discusses the role of forensic nurses in recognizing and responding to the needs of human trafficking victims. Cole provides an overview of human trafficking, anti-trafficking laws and policies, and current gaps in research. The author identifies signs of trafficking and exploitation and suggests strategies for forensic nurse intervention. Farley, M. (Ed.). (2003). Prostitution, trafficking, and traumatic stress. New York: Haworth Press. This collection of articles discusses the physical and sexual violence endemic to prostitution, pornography, and trafficking, and how such violence results in psychological trauma for victims. Miller, E., Decker, M. R., Silverman, J. G., & Raj, A. (2007). Migration, sexual exploitation, and women’s health: A case report from a community health center. Violence Against Women, 13, 486-497. doi:10.1177/1077801207301614 This article discusses the safety and health care needs of human trafficking and forced prostitution victims, including physical and sexual violence. The authors highlight challenges that health care providers face in providing appropriate care to this population, while identifying health care personnel as service providers who can uniquely identify and assist sex trafficking victims. Zimmerman, C. (2003). The health risks and consequences of trafficking in women and adolescents: Findings from a European study. Retrieved from the Organization of American States: http://www.oas.org/atip/Global%20 Reports/Zimmerman%20TIP%20HEALTH.pdf This report looks at health risks and health care issues surrounding trafficked women. Sexual violence, in concert with other forms of violence, has a profound impact on the health of trafficking victims. Zimmerman draws upon a review of trafficking research, interviews with trafficked women in eight European and Asian countries, and interviews with members of law enforcement, governmental, health, and non governmental organization (NGO) sectors. The author discusses barriers to health services that trafficking victims face, as well as means by which service providers can address the holistic health needs of trafficked women. Zimmerman, A., Hossain, M., Yun, K., Morison, L., & Watts, C. (2006). Stolen smiles: A summary report on the physical and psychological health consequences of women and adolescents trafficked in Europe. Retrieved from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine: http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/ php/ghd/docs/stolensmiles.pdf This report investigates health outcomes for trafficked women and adolescents. The authors document the prevalence of physical and sexual violence in the histories of trafficking victims, as well as the physical, sexual, and psychological health symptoms of this population. The report identifies the health needs of trafficking victims and offers recommendations for service providers. MIGRATION Anti-Slavery International. (2003). The migration-trafficking nexus: Combating trafficking through the protection of migrants’ human rights. Retrieved from http://www. antislavery.org/includes/documents/ cm_docs/2009/t/the_migration_trafficking_ nexus_2003.pdf This report looks at the dynamics of international migration and highlights ways that migration and trafficking are intertwined. Anti-Slavery International details abuses that migrants often endure in the course of trafficking (including, but not limited, to sexual abuse and sexual exploitation), and offers recommendations for assisting migrant trafficking victims and safeguarding migrant rights. Raymond, J. G., D’Cunha, J. Dzuhayatin, S. R., Hynes, H. P., Rodriguez, Z. R., & Santos, A. (2007). A comparative study of women trafficked in the migration process: Patterns, profiles and health consequences of sexual exploitation in five countries (Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Venezuela and the United States). Retrieved from the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women International: http://action.web.ca/home/catw/attach/ CATW%20Comparative%20Study%202002. pdf This collection of articles draws upon interviews with 146 women trafficked domestically and internationally in Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Venezuela, and the U.S. The authors examine structural factors that contribute to trafficking (e.g., economic policies, immigration policies, women’s poverty, and inequality), as well as the dynamics of sex trafficking, “entertainment” industries, and some mail-order bride venues. Study respondents reported high levels of physical, psychological, and sexual violence, as well as control through forced or coerced use of alcohol and drugs. Health risks associated with trafficking (especially sex trafficking) include a wide array of physical injuries, sexually transmitted infections, and mental health problems, notably symptoms of depression. LABOR EXPLOITATION Free the Slaves and the Human Rights Center at University of California, Berkeley. (2004). Hidden slaves: Forced labor in the United States. Retrieved from Cornell University http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=forced labor Hidden Slaves discusses forced labor in the U.S., observing that most victims of forced labor are also victims of trafficking. This report elaborates on human rights abuses associated with commercial sexual exploitation and labor exploitation, including poor working conditions, confinement, physical violence, and sexual violence. Hidden Slaves provides information on the physical and mental health consequences of forced labor, assistance that service providers can offer victims, and the U.S. legal response to forced labor. International Labour Office. (2005). A global alliance against forced labour: Global report under the follow-up to the ILO declaration on fundamental principles and rights at work. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/ groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/ documents/publication/wcms_081882.pdf This report discusses various forms of forced labor across the globe, including forced labor imposed by the state, commercial sexual exploitation, and economic exploitation. The report highlights the relationships between forced labor, poverty, migration, and trafficking, as well as abuses suffered by those in forced labor (including sexual violence and hazardous conditions). Human Rights Watch. (2006). Swept under the rug: Abuses against domestic workers around the world. Retrieved from http:// www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ wrd0706webwcover.pdf Human Rights Watch documents abuses suffered by domestic laborers worldwide, including economic exploitation and physical, psychological, and sexual violence. This report also examines the relationship among trafficking, forced servitude, and domestic labor. Human Rights Watch offers recommendations to governments, labor organizations, law enforcement, and criminal justice systems worldwide for safeguarding the rights and well-being of domestic laborers. MILITARY PRESENCE AND CONFLICT Allred, K. J. (2006). Peacekeepers and prostitutes: How deployed forces fuel the demand for trafficked women and new hope for stopping it. Armed Forces & Society, 33, 5-23. doi:10.1177/0095327X06288803 Allred discusses the historical relationship between peacekeepers and sexual violence against local populations (e.g., rape, prostitution, and sex trafficking). This article examines legal and accountability shortcomings that prevent modern peacekeepers from being punished for sex crimes. Also, the article highlights initiatives by the U.S. and NATO intended to address sexual violence and trafficking during peacekeeping efforts. Enriquez, J. (1999). Filipinas in prostitution around U.S. military bases in Korea: A recurring nightmare. Retrieved from the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women International http://action.web.ca/home/catw/ readingroom.shtml?x=16941 Enriquez discusses the poverty, familial issues, and cultural forces that lead Filipina women into trafficking situations near U.S. military bases in Korea, specifically sex trafficking. The article explores the dynamics and violence of militarized prostitution and trafficking. Mendelson, S. E. (2005). Barracks and brothels: Peacekeepers and human trafficking in the Balkans. Retrieved from the Center for Strategic and International Studies http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/0502_ barracksbrothels.pdf This report exposes the role that peacekeeping forces in the Balkans played in prostitution and sex trafficking in the region. It also discusses institutional attitudes such as denial and indifference, which Mendelson argues are roadblocks to implementing anti-trafficking policies. The report concludes with recommendations for severing ties between peacekeepers and sex traffickers in post-conflict areas. MINORS End Child Prostitution Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes. (2006). Global monitoring: Report on the status of action against commercial sexual exploitation of children — United States of America. Retrieved from http://www.ecpat. net/A4A_2005/PDF/Americas/Global_ Monitoring_Report-USA.pdf This report discusses commercial sexual exploitation and trafficking of children in the U.S., highlighting local, national, and international collaborative responses to child trafficking. End Child Prostitution Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes (ECPAT) International reviews successful initiatives geared toward trafficking prevention, anti-trafficking policy and legislation, law enforcement, and victim assistance. International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour. (2008). Combating trafficking in children for labour exploitation: A resource kit for policy-makers and practitioners. Retrieved from the International Labour Office http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ ilo/2008/108B09_252_engl.pdf This resource kit addresses child labor, its relationship to human trafficking, and the abuses committed against children therein. The kit also features information on research and data collecting related to child labor trafficking, policy, legal issues, and collaboration strategies. London Safeguarding Children Board. (2009). London safeguarding trafficked children toolkit 2009. Retrieved from http://www.londonscb. gov.uk/files/resources/trafficking/london_ safeguarding_trafficked_children_toolkit_ january_19th_2009.pdf This toolkit on child trafficking provides guidance to service providers for promoting the welfare of children who have been trafficked and exploited. This toolkit includes a joint assessment tool and referral form for professionals assessing trafficked children. Mitchels, B. (2004). Let’s talk: Developing effective communication with child victims of abuse and human trafficking. Retrieved from the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre http:// www.childtrafficking.org/pdf/user/handbook_ lets_talk_a5_eng.pdf This document provides guidelines for interviews with children and youth who have been trafficked and abused. Mitchels discusses the psychological impact of trafficking, physical abuse, and sexual abuse on children and suggests ways that interviewers can deal with traumatized children in a sensitive manner. Pearce, J. J., Hynes, P., & Bovarnick, S. (2009). Breaking the wall of silence: Practitioners’ responses to trafficked children and young people. Retrieved from the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/ research/Findings/breaking_the_wall_of_ silence_report_wdf66135.pdf This report reflects on child trafficking in the UK and the responses of service providers to trafficked children’s needs. The report draws from focus groups and interviews with practitioners from a range of children’s services, as well as 37 cases of minors trafficked into or within the UK. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2001). Profiting from abuse: An investigation into the sexual exploitation of our children. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/ publications/files/pub_profiting_en.pdf This UNICEF document features articles on the trafficking and exploitation of children worldwide. These articles address child sex and labor trafficking, efforts to educate communities about child trafficking, and anti-trafficking legislation intended to hold perpetrators accountable. National Sexual Violence Resource Center 2012. All rights reserved. This document was supported by Cooperateive Agrement # 5VF1CE001751-03 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the CDC.